HOW TO GROW A PLANET E2
Birinci bölümün linki: http://kuzeykalesi.blogspot.com.tr/2017/05/how-to-grow-planet-e13-2012.html
NOTLAR
Forces that shaped our planet – geology
Largest religion site in the world 200km2
Angkor Wat in Cambodia
A symbol central to an ancient Buddhist ceremony. Flowers.
Lotus flowers and jasmine arranged beautifully. Küçük
olanlar Jasmine. For these monks, flowers have a crucial role.
Flowers have been the driving force for the whole lifeon
earth. Tüm hayvanlar çiçekler sayesinde şekillendi.
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| Lotus ve Yasemin |
The emergence of flowers is one of the biggest turning
points in history.
140 milyon yıl önce Dünya çok farklıydı. Animal kingdom was
dominated by the dinosaurs. Separate continents yok. Pangaea var
Island of New Caledonia
Isolated olduğu için çiçek öncesi dönemi araştırmaya daha
elverişli. Back then, plant kingdom had two mighty rulers: one was tall
conifers. Araucaria, Cook pine. Pine trees are a family of conifers that are
amongst the oldest in the world.
What made flowers so revolutionary was the limitations of the ancient plants
that came before them. To reproduce conifers like these relied on the vagaries
of the wind. This is pollen, the male sex cells of conifers. Each grain has to
be magnified x1000 to really see its structure. The two air sacs one in each side, catch the
breeze. With luck the male pollen will be blown to a female cone on a nearby
tree. But for that to happen, each conifer needs vast amounts. Nefis bir
animasyon var. Its very wasteful. Up to 10 billion grains have to be released
by a single tree.
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| Havada uçuşan polenlerin de kuşlar gibi iki kanadı olduğunu biliyor muydunuz... |
The other big player back then was the ferns. Since ferns
evolved in wet swampy conditions. They needed water to transport their sex
cells. They use a surprising device for this end. What they do is they release
a sperm which swims through the water and mud to a nearby plant and fertilises
the egg. Under a microscope u can see that by thrashing around (kendi etrafında
dönüyor) the male sperm cell can propel itself through the water. Its able to
swim for over 2 hours. Human sperm’e
benziyor mekanizma biraz. But the downside was that ferns had to live near
water. It was hugely limiting. All this meant something was lacking in the
world of pangaea: diversity. Fern ve conifer türleri fazla değildi. Bugünkü tür
sayısının %1’i var. Animal kingdom’da da fazla çeşitlilik yok. 700 çeşit
dinozor bulundu. Ama bugün sadece memeli türlerinin sayısı 5500’den fazla. O
zamanlar monotonous green world.
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140 million years ago somewhere in Pangaea, one plant of one
species happened to chance on a new way of reproducing. And it would change the
earth forever.
New Caledonia Jungle
Amborella plant. Çok nadir kalmış. Amborella trichopoda is
the closest living relative of the first flower to evolve. All flowers todays
descended from its ancestor.
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| Amborella trichopoda |
Botanists believe it began when a single plant mutated to
have leaves that became petals, instead of being green, which were probably
white like Amborella. We now consider them to be the first petals of the very
first flower. Chance mutation sonucu olduğuna inanılır. Belki bir böcek. O
zamanlar arı yok. Not all the pollen is eaten by the bug. Some sticks to it
body and travels to other plants. Bug, kurye gibi görev yapıyor bilmeden.
Pollinating them as it looks for food. Artık wind for conifers ya da water for
ferns’den daha güvenli bir üreme yolu buluyor plants. Çiçekler aracılığıyla
üreme. Devrim.
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| Monkey Puzzle tree. |
The supercontinent of pangaea was splitting up. Yen
iklimler, ortamlar oluşuyor. For conifers and ferns so dependent on wind and
water, the new landscapes were impregnable. But for flowering plants, it was
the chance they’d been waiting for. They had a powerful in-built advantage.
Monkey Puzzle tree. Live for hundreds of years like
conifers. They don’t reach sexual maturity until theyre 40.
Campion flower, for example can reproduce afer just 4
months. Conifer 1 nesil yaratırken
çiçekler 120 nesil yaratabiliyor. Her nesil bir genetik mutasyon ihtimali
demek. Bu mutasyonlar sağkalımı sağlayacak bir avantaj anlamına gelebiliyor. Life
cycles faster oldukça, türün çevresine adaptasyonu güçleniyor.
140 milyon yıl önce bu rapid life cycles sayesinde çiçekler
zor şartlarda sağ kalabildi.
Tankwa Karoo in South Africa. Her yıl 2 ay yağmur var. They
only have this brief window to reproduce. In order to ensure to be pollinated
in time, they evolved color. Color to get noticed by insects. Fertilize
olmazlarsa ölecekler belli bir dönemde. Çiçeklerin renklerinin ve tonlarının farklılığı
tesadüf değil. Bir kod. Çağırdığı böceğe yönelik bir sinyal. Transferring right
pollen to the right plant.
Flowers evolved a clever way to enhance this color, To the naked eye, a petal looks smooth, x1000’de baktığında, gerçek yapısı anlaşılır. Enfes bir animasyon daha. Aslında flat surface değil. Countless nodules’dan meydana geliyor. Each acts like a tiny prism which reflects and diffracts light. Gives the petal an iridescence to attract passing insects.
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| İnsan gözü |
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| Morötesi görüntü |
And in their use of color, plant went even further.
Special bir cam ile insect’s view of flowers gösterilecek.
Inscts and this cam can see a part of the light spectrum called ultraviolet.
That’s normally invisible to us humans. Flowers looking plain to us, look
completely different to insects.
And the markings are really important because they are like
airport runway lights that guide the insect down onto the petals. Like neon
signs of a shop.
Polinasyon sonrası da big challenge ahead because their
offspring had to make it through the rest of the year. To survive, flowers
perfected another trick which had a powerful impact on life on earth: Seeds.
Because seed have this remarkable ability that we don’t
normally think about.
Indica seed’lerini empty shotgun cartridge’I içine doldurup
hedefe ateş etti. Mermi gibiydiler. During the Indian mutiny of the 19th
century, soldiers used these instead of lead shots. They’re hard enough to be
blasted out of a barrel and through a wood.
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| Kurşun gibi korunaklı: Tohum |
But a tough shell wasn’t all. Seeds from flowering plants
developed a further evolutionary advantage that no other plant possessed. It
all starts at the moment of pollination. Having been delivered by an insect,
two cells from the pollen, burrow deep into the flower’s ovary. Here one
fertilizes the plant to create an embryonic plant. But, here’s the clever bit,
the second cell from the pollen, does a completely different job. Instead of
becoming a new plant, It grows into a food source for the fertilized egg. A
kind of packed lunch. Its called double fertilization. Its unique to the seeds
of flowers. It mean seeds could lie dormant for months or even years until
conditions were right.
Canna Indica seeds 4 hafta sonra kök salmaya başladı
shotgun’la atılmalarına rağmen. Successfully germinating into a tiny flowering
plant.
100milyon yıl önce, flowers were redrawing the global map of
where plants could live. Infertile alanlar oases of life haline geliyor.
Hayvanlara da faydalı oluyordu.
Plants can do something unique that marks them out amongst
all other living things on the planet. Their leaves can capture energy from our
nearest star, sun, and turn that into food. Photosynthesis.
Imagine all the plants in the world (trees, flowers and
grasses) 100 trilyon watt enerjiyi her yıl kullanıyorlar. Amerika’nin
kullandığı tüm enerjinin 40 katı.
They developed this ingenious method of making sugars
available to their pollinators. Enjektörle nektarı çektiğinde şekerli bir sıvı.
Gezegenin önemli enerji kaynaklarından. Hayvanlar bayılıyor. Bird of paradise
çiçeğinin nektarı Coca Cola’dan 3 katı fazla şeker içeriyor. Flowers were now
pumping bite-sized packets of liquid energy. In to the food chain. Entirely new
insects evolved.
Fosil. Amber içinde bee. Liquid tree resin içinde sıkışmış
bir primitif arı which then solidified and preserved it. Bee fossils like that
began to appear roughly 100 million years ago. Snapshot of an ancient past.
Bees evolved from carnivorous wasps which hhad turned their
backs on meat in favor of pollen and nectar. As they evolved their whole body
became covered with hair to collect more pollen. They developed sophisticated
compound eyes with hundreds of tiny lenses to spot the flowers. Inside, there
were special cells to detect UV light.
Özellikle South Africa’da ilk arılara benzer arılar en çok
var. Buradan köken aldıkları düşünülüyor.
Böceklerle fertilization’ın problemleri var. Polenleri
aldıktan sonra başka bir çiçeğe gidebilir ve polenler boşa gider. The solution
of flowers was inspired.
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| Orphium frutescens. |
Orphium frutescens. Pink flower. South Africa Bunların
nektarı yok. The payment they provide is pollen. But strangely they keep it
locked up. Special twisted stamens stop
it from being stolen by visiting insects except one: female carpenter bee. Only
she has the key.
Arı çiçeğe konduğunda winbeat rate’i değiştirir. Unlocking
the stamens bu key vibrations sayesinde. Tuning fork ile deney. Harika çekim.
One single species of flower – one particular type of bee
have evolved together to give this intimate partnership.
This particular relationship between flowers and insects,
led to tighter and more isolated populations that started creating gaps in the
overall ecosystem. This in turn encouraged new species to evolve filling in
those spaces. Thus, flowers were driving a huge increase in the diversity of
life, fuelling this increase by pumping nectar into the food chain.
120-90 milyon yıl önce flowering plants sayesinde evolution
entered the most explosive phase in earth’s history. Sadece yaşamı değil,
gezegenin şeklini bile değiştirmeye başladılar.
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| Karst |
Ha Long Bay in Vietnam.
“This whole landscape just dwarfs u”
Pinnacles of limestone soaring upwards. Bu landscape’s karst
deniyor. Vietnam bunlarla dolu.
90 milyon yıl önce flowers began to build an empire across
the planet in a totally unexpected way. They did it by creating vast tropical
rainforests. Almost all the trees are giant flowering plants. They all do one
thing:
There is moisture in human breath. And in a funny way plants
are breathing out moisture too. Its just much harder to see.
Deney. Büyükçe bir muz yaprağını naylon içine aldı. Koparmadan. Birkaç saat
beklediğinde nem oluşumunu göreceğiz. Damlacıklar
meydana geldi her yerinde. Its losing water or transpiring through tiny pores
in the lead called stomata. Veins of the lead transport water around the plant.
Leaves of flowering plants contain x4 more veins than other plants.
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| Transpiration |
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| Stomata |
Trees are like giant pumps. Drawign moisture from the soil
and pumping it into the atm. Some trees chuck out five tonnes of water every
day.
All this transpiration meant that 90 million years ago,
flowering plants were creating more clouds which led to more rain.
Yağmur da yine ağaçlar tarafından topraktan çekilip yine
havaya salınıyordu. A self-sustaining cycle of almost perpetual rain fall. In fact, 80% of the water in the rain forests, came from the flowering plans
themselves. In this age of rain, water become an ever powerful sculpting force,
Today, u can see its effect in an astonishing hidden world.
Deep beneath the rain forest in central vietnam, Hang Son
Doong mağarası Largest cave passage ever discovered. This single cavern is
nearly 2 km long. All carved from solid rock by nothing more than water.
Üstündeki vast jungle’dan trickle ile gelen su. An underground monument to the
power of flowering plants.
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| Hang Son Doong mağarası |
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| Hang Son Doong mağarası |
Also, at the heart of the cave, there is a rain forest.
Where the roof has collapsed, flowering plants have made their home. Ground
level’In 200m altı. Water ve light oldu mu, flowers produce life. Whole food
chain is fed by the flowering plants. Clouds of moisture envelop everything. Plants
just soak up that moisture just draw it up, and then pass it out.
Caves formed under all the world’s great rain forests. And
this extra water even began to transform the climate. As water evaporates, it
absorbs heat and cools the planet. The Amazon rain forest alone keeps its who
region 5 degrees cooler. Across the planet water injected into the water cycle
was eroding deep canyons. Carving high mountains and sculpting karst towers so
iconic of Asia.
65 million years ago was the age of rain forests. They’d
spread from the equator to cover most of the earth. ¾ of all plants were now
flowers. A rich, luch form for millions of animals. The dominance of the
flowering plants seemed unassailable. But it was not to last.
A 10 km asteroid coming from deep space was on a collision
course. It hit the earth with a force of a billion Hiroshima bombs. 70 billion
tonnes of pulverized rock were blasted into a low orbit. Scientists called it
ejector and travelling at supersonic speed, its friction with the atmosphere
heated the earth up. 200F yükseldi sıcaklık. Spontaneous fires across the land.
It was one of the worst mass extinctions in the history of earth. And famously
killed off the dinosaurs.
But less well known is the immediate impact on plants. It
was believed to be also devastating. Not only the fires, but the ejector created
clouds of nitric and sulphur dioxide which fell as acid rain. Destroying plants
from the roots up.
New Zealand White Island’da yeni erupted volkana gidip
benzer şartları gözlemliyor. Bleakness, Life obliterated. Incinerated
vegetation after eruptions. Similarly, volcanic fumes create acid rain like the
asteroid. Böceklerle bağları şimdi zayıflıklarına dönüşmüştü flowering plants
için. Çünkü kendileri sağ kalsa da bu hayvanların çoğu yok olmuştu. Yine
colored petals to attract the few surviving pollinators devreye sokuldu. Nektar
sunumu. Ayrıca survival capsules (seeds) de gelecek için ümitlendiriyor. After
the asteroid apocalpyse, seeds helped flowers to re-colonise the earth. Animals
ile inseparable ilişki yine kuruldu. Dinozorların yerini memeliler aldı.
Flowers bu sefer memelileri kullandı for distributing seeds.
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| Durian |
Çiçekler memeliler için yeni bir akıllı tool geliştirdi. Bu
sayede tohumlarını kmlerce uzağa gönderebildiler: Fruits.
Durian. Smelliest fruit. Stephen Fry da göstermişti bunu.
Ancak acquired taste ile yenir.
The botanical definition of a fruit is that it must actually develop from the flower itself. The fleshy coating was once the ovary, as it grew around the maturing seeds. Meyvaların tüm gösterişi hayvanları yemek için çekmek.
Fruit is one of the most remarkable transformations in
nature. What begins as an advertisement for an insect, a flower, becomes a
protective covering for the seeds inside. And then a final burst, swells into
the juicy flesh of a fruit. Elmanın geçirdiği aşamalar gösterilmiş stopmotion
tekniğiyle.
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| Renk Körlüğü (Kırmızı yok) |
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| İki renk cone hücresi |
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| Üç renk cone hücresi |
55 million years ago one group of early mammals was evolving
that relied almost entirely on fruit.
Thailand, Khao Sok National Park
Primates (lemurs, apes, monkeys). Gibbons. depend on fruits. It determined their whole anatomy. Bugün insanın el, kol göğüs yapısı büyük oranda first primates trying to reach the fruit of flowering plants’ten geliyor. Çoğu primatın diet’i %70-90 fruit.
Primates (lemurs, apes, monkeys). Gibbons. depend on fruits. It determined their whole anatomy. Bugün insanın el, kol göğüs yapısı büyük oranda first primates trying to reach the fruit of flowering plants’ten geliyor. Çoğu primatın diet’i %70-90 fruit.
Sonra primatlar sorun teşkil etmeye başlamış. Meyvanın
içindeki seed mature olmadan koparıp yiyorlarmış. Seed wasted I this way.
Flowers came up with a solution. When fruit was ripe, they made it sweet,
juicy, and brightly colored. Color-coded time-delay. It encouraged primates to
take only fruit that was fully mature.
Primates başlangıçta tüm memeliler gibi color-blind. Deney.
Simple mammal görüşü sunan bir gözlük takıyor. Color blindness is simulated
removing red from the picture. For primates to perceive red, they had to evolve
a more sophisticated vision system. In the retina, there are special photo receptor
cells that detect color. Cones denir bunlara. Mm2’de 150.000 tane. Early
mammals had only 2 types of cone. One
for green one for blue. It meant they were color blind. But primates evolved a
third type. It was sensitive to red. Biz de primatlardan bunu aldık.
Technicolor.
“İnsan biraz animal-centric sanki. Dünyada yaşam aslında
çiçeklerle şekillenmiş.
